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Cocaine Timeline

c. 3000 B.C.	Coca chewing is practiced throughout South America. Coca is believed to be a gift from God. 1
1400s	Coca plantations are operated by Incas in Peru.
1505	First hand accounts of coca use made their way back to Europe. Amerigo Vespucci (1505), G Frenandez de Oviedo (1535), and Nicholas Monardes (1565). 2
Early 1500s	Incan Coca plantations are taken over by holders of Spanish land grants. Spanish tax laws are revised to allow land owners to make their tax payments in coca leaves. 2
1539	The Bishop of Cuzco tithes coca, taking 1/10 of the value of each crop in taxes. Mid 1500s Coca production in Peru expands quickly causing a glut of leaf on the market which in turn precipitated a drop in the price of coca. 2
1574	Monardes' text on Coca is first translated into other European languages from Spanish; Latin (1574), Italian (1576), English (1577). 2
c. 1575	Forced laborors working in the Spanish silver mines were kept well supplied with Coca leaves. Roughly 82% of the Europeans living in Peru were involved in the Coca trade. 2
1662	Abraham Cowley writes a poem titled "A Legend of Coca". This is the first independent mention of coca in English literature.
1708	Coca is first mentioned in a materia medica, Institutiones Medicae, written by German physician and botanist Herman Boerhaave.
1835	First accurate drawing of Coca appears in popular English press. The illustration by Sir William Hooker, director of the Kew gardens, was published in Companion to the Botanical Magazine. 2
c. 1850	Coca tinctures used in throat surgery. 2
c. 1855	Cocaine first extracted from Coca leaves. 2
1862	Merck produces 1/4 pound of cocaine. 3
1869	Seeds from the commercial variety of Coca arrived at Kew Gardens.
1870	Vin Mariani (Coca wine) is for sale throughout France, containing 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine. Exported Vin Mariani contained 7.2 mg per ounce to compete with the higher cocaine content of American competitors. 2
1870s	Parke,Davis manufactures a fluid extract of coca. 2
1876 - 1885	Race walkers in England chew Coca leaves to improve their performance. 2
1883	Merck produces 3/4 pound of Cocaine. 3
1884	Cocaine's use as a local anesthetic in eye surgery is popularized. 2
1884	Freud publishes On Coca in which he recommends the use of cocaine to treat a variety of conditions including morphine addiction. 2
1884	Merck produces 3,179 pounds of Cocaine. 3
1886	Merck produces 158,352 pounds of Cocaine. 3
1886	Coca-Cola is first introduced by John Pemberton, containing cocaine laced syrup and caffeine.
Late 1880s	Parke,Davis starts to manufacture refined cocaine. 2
c. 1901	Coca-Cola removed Coca from their formula. 2
c. 1905	Snorting cocaine becomes popular. 2
1910	First cases of nasal damage from Cocaine snorting are written of in medical literature. 3
1910	First cases of nasal damage from Cocaine snorting are seen in hospitals. 2
1912	U.S. government reports 5,000 Cocaine related fatalities in one year. 3
1914	Cocaine banned in United States. 4
Early 1930s	Japan is the world's leading cocaine producer (23.3%) followed by the United States (21.3%), Germany (15%), U.K. (9.9%), France (8.3%). 3
c. 1976	Freebase cocaine first developed (probably in California). It would soon be popularized by dealers and glamorized by Hollywood media.
1981	Wholesale cost of 1 kg of cocaine is $55,000. 5
1984	Wholesale cost of 1 kg cocaine is $25,000. 1
Mid 1980's	Freebase cocaine becomes popular.

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